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Sample translations submitted: 1
Portuguese to English: THE INSTITUTION OF SAINT FRANCIS’S ORDER OF FRIARS MINOR General field: Art/Literary
Source text - Portuguese Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone , mais conhecido como Francesco Bernardone , nasceu na cidade de Assis, em 1182 , de uma rica família de comerciantes, que fazia parte da burguesia local.
A Europa Ocidental passava por grandes transformações culturais, políticas, sociais e económicas, com a renovação da vida urbana, após duzentos anos de feudalismo, de total dependência agrária em torno dos castelos e monastérios. O esgotamento da maior fonte de riqueza – a terra – migrara o camponês para os burgos. Por sua vez, as Cruzadas haviam fortalecido as ligações comerciais com o Oriente. Na Europa, as ligações dinamizaram-se devido à maior facilidade de comunicação terrestre, marítima e fluvial entre o norte e o sul do continente. Esses movimentos restauraram a atividade mercantilista e as transações financeiras, propiciando o surgimento do sistema bancário e da burguesia, uma nova classe social dedicada essencialmente àqueles fins e que se tornaria uma poderosa aliada da nobreza e do clero. Na verdade, o comércio se impunha como uma das atividades econômicas mais influentes na sociedade européia do século XII, notadamente nos países que se haviam constituído de cidades independentes (as comunas), como a Itália, formada por principados autônomos, muitos guerreando entre si em torno dos seus interesses. Somavam-se a essas questões os avanços intelectuais, com o nascimento das universidades e o desenvolvimento da filosofia escolástica.
Translation - English Giovanni di Pietro Bernardone , better known as Francesco Bernardone , was born in the town of Assisi in 1182 to a wealthy merchant family that was part of the local bourgeoisie.
Western Europe was undergoing big cultural, political, social, and economic changes, with the renewal of urban life after two hundred years of feudalism, of total agrarian dependence around castles and monasteries. The exhaustion of the greatest source of wealth – the soil – had led peasants to migrate to the bourgs. On the other hand, the Crusades had strengthened commercial relations with the East. In Europe, these relations were dynamized as terrestrial, maritime, and fluvial communication between the north and the south of the continent became easier. These movements restored mercantilist activities and financial transactions, giving rise to the emergence of the bank system and the bourgeoisie – a new social class essentially dedicated to those ends, which would become a powerful ally of the nobility and the clergy. Actually, commerce imposed itself as one of the most influential economic activities in 12th century European society, markedly in countries composed of independent cities (communes), such as Italy – a nation formed by autonomous principalities, many of which would fight each other for their interests. Other relevant factors were intellectual advances such as the birth of universities and the development of scholastic philosophy.
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Years of experience: 17. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2011.
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