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English to Malay: 'Biodegradable' plastic bags survive three years in soil General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - English 'Biodegradable' plastic bags survive three years in soil
Biodegradable plastic bags can still carry shopping three years after being left in a natural environment.
Five plastic bag materials found in UK shops were tested to see what happens to them in environments where they can appear if littered. They all disintegrated into fragments after exposure to air for nine months. But after more than three years in soil or sea, three of the materials, including biodegradable bags, were still intact.
Compostable bags were found to be a little friendlier to the environment - at least in the sea. After three months in a marine setting they had disappeared, but could still be found in soil 27 months later.
Scientists at the University of Plymouth tested the different materials at regular intervals to see how they were breaking down. They say the research has raised questions about biodegradable products being marketed to shoppers as alternatives to non-recyclable plastic.
"For a biodegradable bags to be able to do that was the most surprising," says Imogen Napper, who led the study.
"When you see something labelled in that way I think you automatically assume it will degrade more quickly than conventional bags.
"But after three years at least, our research shows that might not be the case."
If something is biodegradable it can be broken down by living organisms like bacteria and fungi.
Think of a piece of fruit left on the grass - give it time and it will appear to have completely disappeared. In actual fact it's just been "digested" by microorganisms.
It happens to natural substances without any human intervention given the right conditions - like temperature and availability of oxygen. Composting is the same thing, but it's controlled by humans to make the process faster. Co-op's compostable plastic bags are meant for food waste, and to be classed as compostable they have to break down within 12 weeks under specific conditions.
The scientists at Plymouth have also questioned how effective biodegradable materials are as a long-term solution to the problem of single-use plastics.
"This research raises a number of questions about what the public might expect when they see something labelled as biodegradable”.
In the study, the scientists quoted a 2013 European Commission report that suggested about 100 billion plastic bags were being issued each year. Various governments, including the UK, have since introduced measures like fees to reduce the number being used.
Translation - Malay 3 tahun di dalam tanah, beg plastik terbiodegradasi masih utuh.
Beg plastik terbiodegradasi masih boleh membawa belian biarpun selepas tiga tahun ditinggalkan di kawasan semula jadi.
Lima jenis beg plastik yang ditemui di kedai-kedai United Kingdom diuji untuk melihat apakah yang terjadi terhadap plastik-plastik itu jika dibiarkan bersepah di persekitaran semula jadi. Kesemua beg plastik tersebut hancur menjadi serpihan selepas terdedah kepada udara selama sembilan bulan. Namun, selepas tiga tahun di dalam tanah atau laut, didapati tiga jenis beg plastik masih utuh termasuklah beg plastik terbiodegradasi.
Beg kompos didapati lebih mesra alam sekitar - sekurang-kurangnya di dalam laut. Selepas tiga bulan berada di dalam persekitaran marin, mereka telah ‘lenyap’ tetapi masih boleh ditemui di dalam tanah 27 bulan kemudian.
Saintis di Universiti Plymouth menguji bahan yang berbeza pada selang masa yang sama untuk melihat bagaimana bahan-bahan tersebut terurai. Menurut mereka, kajian tersebut menimbulkan tanda tanya mengenai produk terbiodegradasi yang dipasarkan kepada pengguna sebagai alternatif kepada plastik tidak boleh dikitar semula.
“Untuk beg plastik terbiodegradasi yang mampu melakukannya sungguh mengejutkan,” kata Imogen Napper yang mengetuai kajian itu.
“Apabila anda melihat sesuatu dilabel dengan cara itu, saya fikir anda secara automatik menganggap ia akan merosot lebih cepat daripada beg konvensional.”
“Tetapi selepas tiga tahun sekurang-kurangnya, penyelidikan kami menunjukkan bahawa itu mungkin tidak berlaku.”
Jika sesuatu boleh terbiodegradasi, ia boleh diuraikan oleh organisma hidup seperti bakteria dan kulat.
Lihat sebiji buah yang dibiarkan di atas rumput, berikan masa kepadanya dan ia akan lenyap sepenuhnya. Fakta sebenar menunjukkan buah tersebut “dihadam” oleh mikroorganisma.
Perkara tersebut berlaku terhadap bahan semula jadi tanpa sebarang campur tangan manusia yang meletakkan syarat seperti suhu dan ketersediaan oksigen. Pengkomposan (rujukan PRPM: pemecahan jirim organik oleh mikroorganisma, secara yang terkawal. Proses ini melibatkan penguraian bahan buangan pejal menjadi hasil yang stabil untuk digunakan dalam pertanian) juga mengalami perihal yang sama tetapi ia dikawal oleh manusia untuk mempercepatkan proses tersebut. Beg plastik boleh kompos Koperasi adalah untuk sisa makanan dan dikelaskan sebagai kompos, beg itu perlu diuraikan dalam tempoh 12 minggu di bawah keadaan tertentu.
Para saintis di Plymouth juga telah mempersoalkan betapa efektifnya bahan terbiodegradasi sebagai solusi jangka panjang kepada masalah plastik sekali guna.
“Penyelidikan ini menimbulkan sejumlah persoalan tentang apa yang dijangkakan oleh orang awam apabila mereka melihat sesuatu yang dilabel sebagai terbiodegradasi.”
Dalam kajian itu, para saintis memetik satu laporan Suruhanjaya Eropah 2013 yang mencadangkan sekitar 100 bilion beg plastik dikeluarkan setiap tahun. Sejak itu, pelbagai kerajaan, termasuk United Kingdom telah memperkenalkan langkah seperti bayaran untuk mengurangkan jumlah plastik yang telah digunakan.
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Years of experience: 7. Registered at ProZ.com: Apr 2022.
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