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Chinese to English: The Common Ringtail Possum General field: Science Detailed field: Other
Source text - Chinese The common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus, Greek for "false hand" and Latin for "pilgrim" or "alien") is an Australian marsupial. It lives in a variety of habitats and eats a variety of leaves of both native and introduced plants, as well as flowers, fruits and sap. This possum also consumes a special type of faeces that is produced during the daytime when it is resting in a nest. This behaviour is called coprophagia and is similar to that seen in rabbits.
Contents
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 Ecology
3.1 Range and habitat
3.2 Diet and foraging
3.3 Metabolism
4 Behaviour and life history
4.1 Nesting
4.2 Reproduction and growth
5 Status
6 References
Taxonomy
The common ringtail possum is currently classified as the only living species in the genus Pseudocheirus; the species of Pseudochirulus and other ringtail genera were formerly also classified in Pseudocheirus. Several subspecies have been described, such as the Western Australian Pseudocheirus peregrinus occidentalis, but the entire population may be a species complex.[1] The arrangement as the only extant species of Pseudocheirus is:[1]
Pseudocheirus peregrinus pereginus, the type subspecies based on a collection made at Endeavour River
Pseudocheirus peregrinus convolutor,
Pseudocheirus peregrinus pulcher,
Pseudocheirus peregrinus occidentalis, called the western ringtail possum, found in the south west of the country. Taxonomic opinion favours regarding this as a separate species, Pseudocheirus occidentalis, though the currently contradictory evidence would not allow this recommendation to be formalised.[3]
Description
The common ringtail possum weighs between 550 and 1100 g and is approximately 30–35 cm long when grown (excluding the tail, which is roughly the same length again). It has grey fur with white patches behind the eyes and usually a cream coloured belly. It has a long prehensile tail which normally displays a distinctive white tip over 25% of its length. The back feet are syndactyl which helps it to climb. The ringtail possum's molars have sharp and pointed cusps.[4]
Ecology
Range and habitat
The common ringtail possum ranges on the east coast of Australia, as well as Tasmania and a part of southwestern Australia.[5] They generally live in temperate and tropical environments and are rare in drier environments. Ringtail possums prefer forests of dense brush, particularly eucalyptus forests.[5] The common ringtail possum and its relatives occupy a range of niches similar to those of lemurs, monkeys, squirrels, and bushbabies in similar forests on other continents.[6]
A common ringtail possum perched on a utility pole
Diet and foraging
The common ringtail possum feeds on a wide variety of plants in the family Myrtaceae including the foliage, flowers and fruits from shrubs and lower canopy.[7] Some populations are also known to feed on the leaves of cypress pine (Callitris), wattles (Acacia spp.) and plant gum or resins.[8][9]
When foraging, ringtail possums prefer young leaves over old ones. One study found the emergence of young possums from their pouches corresponds to the flowering and fruiting of the tea-tree, Leptospermum and the peak of fresh plant growth.[6] Young eucalypt leaves are richer in nitrogen and have less dense cell walls than older leaves, however the protein gained from them is less available due to higher amounts of tannins.[10] When feeding, the possum's molars slice though the leaves, slitting them into pieces. The possum's caecum separates the fine particles from the coarse ones.[4] These particles stay in the caecum for up to 70 hours where the cell walls and tanned cytoplasts are partially digested.[11]
What distinguishes the digestive system of the common ringtail possum from that of the koala and the greater glider is the caecal content transfers directly back to the stomach. Because of this, the ringtail possum is able to gain more protein.[4] This is also done by lagomorphs like rabbits and pikas. Hard faeces are produced during the night while feeding and are not eaten, while soft faeces are produced during the day during rests and are eaten.[12]
Metabolism
Common ringtail possum in Brisbane, Queensland.
The re-ingestion of caecal content also serves to maintain the ringtail possum's energy balance. Ringtail possums gain much of their gross energy from reingestion.[13] The common ringtail possum has a daily maintenance nitrogen requirement (MNR) of 290 mg N/kg0.75. Common ringtail possums gain much of their MNR from consuming their nitrogen-rich caecal pellets. They would have to gain 620 mg N/kg0.75 otherwise.[4] The ringtail possum recycles 96% of its liver's urea, which is then transferred into the caecum and made into bacterial protein. Only re-ingestion makes this effective and the bacterial protein must be digested in the stomach and the amino acids subsequently absorbed in the small intestine.[4] This recycling also allows the possum to conserve water and urinate less. Reingestion allows the possum to live on low nitrogen eucalyptus leaves which is particularly important during late lactation.[14]
Behaviour and life history
Common ringtail possums are nocturnal and are well adapted to arboreal life. They rarely descend to the ground and rely on their prehensile tail.[5] They communicate with soft, high-pitched, and twittering calls.[15]
Asleep in daytime roost. Common ringtails usually build nests. This one prefers the open air.
Nesting
Common ringtail possums live a gregarious lifestyle which centres on their communal nests, also called dreys. Ringtail possums build nests from tree branches and occasionally use tree hollows. A communal nest is made up of an adult female and an adult male, their dependant offspring and immature offspring of the previous year.[7] A group of ringtail possums may build several dreys at different sites. Ringtail possums are territorial and will drive away any strange conspecifics from their nests. A group has a strong attachment to their site. In one experiment, in which a group was removed from their territory, it remained uncolonised for the following two years.[7] Ringtail possum nests tend to be more common in low scrub and less common in heavily timbered areas with little under-story.[4] Dreys contribute to the survival of the young when they are no longer carried on their mother's back.[4]
Reproduction and growth
As a marsupial, the common ringtail possum carries its young in a pouch, where it develops. Depending on the area, the mating season can take place anywhere between April and December.[5] The majority of the young are born between May and July. The oestrous cycle of ringtail possum lasts 28 days.[6] It is both polyoestrous and polyovular. If a female prematurely loses her litter, she can return to oestrous and produce a second litter in October as a replacement if conditions are right.[4] The average litter is two, although there are very occasionally triplets.[4] Common ringtail possum young tend to grow relatively slowly due to dilute milk with low lipid levels that is provided to the young. As with other marsupials, the common ringtail possum's milk changes through lactation.[16] During the second phase of lactation, more solid foods are eaten, especially when the young first emerges from the pouch.[16] During this time, the concentration of carbohydrates fall, while those of proteins and lipids reach their highest.[16] The long lactation of the ringtail possums may give the young more time to learn skills in the communal nest as well as to climb and forage in the trees.[4]
The young are first able to vocalise and open their eyes between 90 and 106 days of age.[5] They leave their mother's pouch at 120–130 days. However, lactation usually continues until 180–220 days after birth but sometimes ends by 145 days.[6] Both sexes become sexually mature in the first mating season after their birth.
Status
Common ringtail possum populations severely declined during the 1950s. However, populations seem to have recovered in recent times.[5] Because they are largely arboreal, common ringtail possums are particularly affected by deforestation in Australia. They are also heavily predated upon by the introduced European Fox. They are also hit by cars, or killed by cats and dogs in suburban areas.[5]
Translation - English 環尾袋貂
環尾袋貂（其「Pseudocheirus peregrinus」學名的意思在希臘文為「假掌」，而在拉丁文則為「朝聖者」或「異邦人」的意思）是一種生長在澳大利亞的有袋動物。環尾袋貂生活的棲息地多種多樣，食用各種本地和外來植物的葉子、花朵、果實以及樹汁。在巢中休息時，這種袋貂也會吃其日間所排泄的特殊糞便。這種行為亦常見於兔子，是吃自己的糞便（coprophagia）。
Chinese to English: Clinical General field: Medical Detailed field: Other
Source text - Chinese 阿片类药物中毒的表现为呼吸抑制小于8次/分，紫绀，针尖样瞳孔，嗜睡乃至昏迷，皮肤湿冷，严重时心动过缓、呼吸暂停、血压下降、骨骼肌松弛，所以才该案例中，患者除了有嗜睡症状外，护士还应该评估瞳孔、脉搏、血压、皮肤等其他方面，来综合判断是否产生了中毒反应。
Translation - English Opioid intoxication manifests with a respiratory rate of less than 8 breaths per minute, cyanosis, pinpoint pupils, drowsiness even coma, clammy skin. In more serious cases bradycardia, apnea, hypotension and skeletal muscle relaxation. In this instance, besides the symptoms of drowsiness the nurse should also evaluate the patient's pupils, pulse, blood pressure and their skin, in order to comprehensively determine whether there has been a toxic reaction.
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Years of experience: 30. Registered at ProZ.com: Feb 2017.
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Localization, I see as one of my strengths.
In growing up in lots of different places, as such my comprehension of most things is not just limited to the regions of my language pair. Just as there are many versions of English, likewise there are of Mandarin too; the latter often being influenced by the dialects which cohabit their locale. As such, time spent living in places like Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia and China have been as beneficial to my "Chineses" as has living in Australia, South Africa, the UK and New Zealand upon my "Englishes". Two sides of the same coin.
Keywords: Chinese-English translator, Game localization translator, Freelance Chinese Translator online, literature translation, book translator, freelance Chinese to English translator, Chinese<-->English interpreter, translator, translation, patents. See more.Chinese-English translator, Game localization translator, Freelance Chinese Translator online, literature translation, book translator, freelance Chinese to English translator, Chinese<-->English interpreter, translator, translation, patents, engineering, medical, technical translation, native English, documents, fast, reliable, chemical, chemistry, pharmaceutical, engineering, clinical trials, construction, legal, project specifications, contracts, contractual, manufacturing, technology, electrical, electronic, internet, business, telecommunications, energy, electricity, power, transportation, transport. See less.
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